By Gibbs Knotts and Drew Kurlowski
In the “one, big, beautiful bill,” President Donald Trump has
called for substantial decreases in federal domestic spending
. However, a schism emerged between Republican lawmakers during the budget debates in Congress.
Some Republicans in blue states called for
a tax increase for the wealthiest Americans
, prompting
longtime anti-tax advocate Grover Norquist
to call the increase an “incredibly destructive idea economically, and very foolish politically.”
As he has done since the 1980s, Norquist demonstrated his influence over the GOP. Since Trump’s second inauguration, he has appeared in several high-profile news stories about the budget, including
a Washington Post article
where he said, “Tax cuts are income to Americans and a loss to the bureaucracy.”
Ultimately, the tax increase was defeated, and the
Trump budget proposal passed the House on May 22
, 2025.
Norquist praised the leadership from
Speaker Mike Johnson and Majority Leader Steve Scalise
, saying taxpayers owe them “bigly for managing a narrow Republican House Majority that was united and committed to reducing taxes on the American people.”
As scholars
of
U.S. politics
, we examined Norquist’s emergence, traced debates about the scope and size of the American government and assessed Norquist’s relevance in the Donald Trump era, where he continues to wield considerable sway in the Republican Party.
The conscience of a conservative
In 1960, a slim, 123-page book changed the trajectory of American conservative thought.
“
The Conscience of a Conservative
,” written by Barry Goldwater, laid out the premise that an expansive federal bureaucracy was the root evil of government.
Four years later,
Ronald Reagan launched his political career
with a speech supporting Goldwater. His
words echoed Goldwater
: “No government ever voluntarily reduces itself in size … a government bureau is the nearest thing to eternal life we’ll ever see on this earth.”
Reagan
ended the speech by noting
, “You and I have a rendezvous with destiny.” Goldwater wouldn’t manifest that destiny, but Reagan, 16 years later, took this vision of fiscal conservatism to the White House.
By the 1980s, Goldwater’s limited government creed had become part of Republican dogma. Government wasn’t just bloated, according to Reagan. It was,
as he noted
, the problem. The
Reagan presidency ushered in
the doctrine of
supply-side economics
, which rests on the premise that tax cuts are key to stimulating economic growth.
Norquist’s emergence
Into this landscape stepped a young Norquist.
He had cut his teeth at the
National Taxpayer’s Union
, a fiscally conservative taxpayer advocacy group. Then, in 1981, he became the executive director of the
College Republican National Committee
.
In the
first issue of CR Report
, a college Republican newsletter, Norquist’s position as executive director was announced, and he provided a list of suggested readings. Among the titles he recommended were Goldwater’s “Conscience,” Milton Friedman’s “
Capitalism and Freedom
” and Friedrich Hayek’s “
The Road to Serfdom
.”
In 1985, Norquist founded
Americans for Tax Reform
to support his tax reduction efforts.
As Norquist noted
, “The tax issue is one thing everyone agrees on.”
He and his organization effectively institutionalized a permanent tax revolt in Congress supported by his “
Taxpayer Protection Pledge
,” a promise made starting in 1986 to oppose all efforts to increase marginal tax rates or reduce deductions or credits.
The pledge became a litmus test for fiscally conservative GOP candidates and cemented the party’s anti-tax stance.
Feeling this pressure,
GOP nominee George H.W. Bush
delivered his famous line, “
read my lips, no new taxes
,” at the 1988 Republican National Convention. Those six words were repeatedly used by primary challenger Pat Buchanan and Bush’s opponent in the general election, Bill Clinton, to raise
questions about Bush’s honesty
– since he made a pledge that he was unable to keep.
With Clinton in the White House in 1994, Norquist helped House Minority Whip Newt Gingrich write the “
Contract with America
” to legislate fiscal conservatism. Weaponizing government shutdowns and setting a more confrontational tone, congressional
Republicans successfully rolled back welfare programs
, reduced the size of government and cut taxes.
In 1995, they came two votes shy in the Senate of
approving an amendment to the Constitution
that would have required the federal budget to be balanced – with no borrowing – every year.
Anti-tax conservatism in the 21st century
In 2001,
Norquist told a reporter at The Nation
: “My goal is to cut government in half in twenty-five years to get it down to the size where we can drown it in the bathtub.”
This objective would have to wait during the George W. Bush presidency. Resulting in part from the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, the Bush administration saw dramatic expansions of federal power and spending in homeland security, defense and Medicare, as well as
a large increase in the budget deficit
.
The tea party movement
, a fiscally conservative political group, was formed in response to these Bush-era increases and two signature programs of the Barack Obama administration: the massive stimulus package,
the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
, and his signature health care reform,
the Affordable Care Act
.
Norquist reveled in renewed attention to tax policies and the size of government,
urging readers of The Guardian
to “join the Tea Party movement.”
Norquist’s continuing legacy
For more than four decades, Norquist has been a relentless advocate for fiscal conservatism. He is the living embodiment of an ideological thread that stretches from Goldwater to Reagan to Gingrich to current GOP leadership.
The ongoing debates about the Trump budget are just the latest example of Norquist’s influence. He continues to play an
active role in debates about the federal budget
and still has considerable sway with Republicans.
However,
Norquist’s uncompromising stance on taxes
has coincided with increases in federal spending, surging budget deficits and increased national debt.
That additional debt is accumulating because many Republicans have adopted his anti-tax position while simultaneously
increasing defense budgets
,
maintaining or expanding entitlement spending
and
lowering taxes on the wealthiest Americans
.
Nevertheless, Norquist continues to be the fiscal conscience of the Republican Party. Politicians come and go. Powerful ideas, and those who champion them, endure.
Gibbs Knotts is Professor of Political Science at Coastal Carolina University. Drew Kurlowski is Associate Professor of Political Science at Coastal Carolina University.
